Why was Sindh not partitioned: Historical and Political Influences Behind Partition
The partition of British India in 1947 and its fallout on regions such as Sindh remain pivotal topics in South Asian history. While other regions like Punjab were divided along religious lines, Sindh was not partitioned and was fully integrated into Pakistan. This decision was influenced by a mix of historical, demographic, and political factors that significantly shaped the future of the South Asian subcontinent.
Demographic Composition
Sindh’s Muslim majority population was one of the primary reasons for its inclusion in Pakistan. By 1947, approximately 90% of Sindh’s inhabitants identified as Muslim, aligning with the principles advocated by both the Muslim League and the broader vision for a separate Muslim state. This demographic reality not only justified but also strengthened the argument for Sindh’s integration into Pakistan as proposed by the Muslim League.
Historical Context
Historically, Sindh had a distinct cultural and religious identity that set it apart from the rest of India. The region has a significant legacy of Muslim rule and a rich Islamic cultural heritage. This historical context contributed to a sense of belonging and affinity towards Pakistan, rather than an independent entity.
Political Decisions
The political landscape of the time played a crucial role in the decision to not partition Sindh. The Muslim League, which garnered significant support in Sindh, spearheaded the push for the region to join Pakistan. The Sindh Provincial Assembly passed a resolution in favor of Pakistan's inclusion in March 1947, reflecting the intense political will of the local Muslim leadership. This resolution represented the culmination of years of advocacy and support for a separate Muslim state within the Indian subcontinent.
Geographical Considerations
The geographical proximity of Sindh to the newly formed Pakistan, particularly through its significant port city Karachi, was another factor that influenced the decision to not partition Sindh. Karachi was crucial for trade and commerce, serving as a vital link between Sindh and the rest of Pakistan. Ensuring the integrity and viability of this economic lifeline provided strong justification for Sindh's inclusion in Pakistan.
Partition Strategy and National Vision
The partition strategy itself was intricate and multifaceted. Regions were divided based on various factors, with some areas being partitioned and others, like Sindh, remaining fully aligned with Pakistan. The leaders involved in the process believed that a complete transfer of Sindh to Pakistan would preserve stability and cohesion within the new nation. This vision for a unified Muslim state encompassing Pakistan, including Sindh, was a cornerstone of the Muslim League's ideology.
Historical Controversies: The Illegality of Pakistan’s Formation
Historically, Pakistan's formation has been a contentious issue. Critics argue that Pakistan was illegally formed without considering the views of the Indian population. Liberal plebiscites were not taken, and major opposition parties opposed the partition, including the Hindu Mahasabha. Even after August 14, 1947, the Hindu Mahasabha refused to officially recognize Pakistan as a nation.
Interestingly, not all Muslim leaders and parties supported the partition. Leaders like Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan and Abdul Gaffar Khan were vocal in their opposition to the partition. Their Unionist Party and Fazlul Haq's Krishak Praja Party were influential in promoting the idea of a united India with provisions for Muslim rights.
It is also noteworthy that the Indian National Congress did not issue an appeal for Hindus to participate in the 1941 population census, while there was no such issue for Muslims. This decision by the Congress may have further contributed to the delineation of Hindu and Muslim-majority areas, thereby facilitating the partition process.
Conclusion
In summary, Sindh was not partitioned and was fully incorporated into Pakistan for a variety of reasons. These included its Muslim majority, historical and cultural distinctiveness from other parts of India, strong political resolve, geographical considerations, and strategic planning. The decision to not partition Sindh was a strategic move towards the vision of a united Muslim-majority state. Similarly, the illegality and opposition to Pakistan's formation cast a shadow on the legitimacy of Pakistan’s existence, even today.