Understanding Microtones in Music
What is a microtone and how do you use it in music? Microtones, a fascinating and intricate element of musical expression, encompass any interval smaller than a semitone, half-step, in the traditional Western music scale. These intervals have been integral to music since its earliest forms, appearing in various scales and musical traditions around the world.
The Semitone as a Point of Reference
When discussing microtones, the concept of a semitone or half-step becomes crucial. In modern equal temperament (ET), the semitone is derived by dividing the octave into 12 exactly equal intervals. Scales in non-European music, such as classical Persian music, often employ different intervals not found on a standard piano. It's important to note that these scales do not necessarily adhere to a fixed temperament system, as the intervals may emerge from scales and modes and their variations or ornamentations.
Historical Context and Microtones in Music
During the Classical and Romantic periods in Western "classical" music, microtones took a backseat, though they occasionally appeared in undiscussed forms. However, the 20th century brought a resurgence in the use of microtones, particularly through the works of pioneering composers like Alois Hába, Julián Carrillo, and Ivan Wyschnegradsky. These musicians experimented with 24 or 36 equally divided octaves, which produced exact quarter-tones or sixth-tones, a concept known as ultrachromatism.
Unequal Divisions of the Octave
Harry Partch, another significant figure in the history of microtones, explored unequal divisions of the octave, utilizing intervals derived from the harmonic series and its various intervals. This approach allowed for complex and unique tonal qualities not found in traditional equal temperament.
Microtones in Contemporary Music
Today, microtones continue to play a significant role in music, not only in creating new scales but also in creating new timbral associations and color. Composers like Karlheinz Stockhausen and Giacinto Scelsi have exploited the capabilities of microtones to produce unique timbral effects.
Expressive Use of Microtones
Beyond formal scales, microtones are used in various instrumental techniques such as guitar bends, clarinet vibrato, and trombone glissandos. These techniques, often employed for expressive purposes, offer musicians a nuanced way to convey emotional or stylistic intent without the constraints of a strict formal scale system.
Conclusion
Microtones, with their rich history and diverse applications, continue to be an essential aspect of music. From traditional scales in non-European cultures to contemporary avant-garde compositions, microtones offer endless opportunities for creative expression.